Category Archives: Books

Articulations of Nature and Politics in Plato and Hegel

This book examines nature as a foundational concept for political and constitutional theory, drawing on readings from Plato and Hegel to counter the view that optimal political arrangements are determined by nature. Focusing on the dialectical implications of the word ‘nature’, i.e. how it encompasses a range of meanings stretching up to the opposites of sensuousness and ideality, the book explores the various junctures at which nature and politics interlock in the philosophies of Plato and Hegel. Appearance and essence, inner life and public realm, the psychical and the political are all shown to be parts of a conflictual structure that requires both infinite proximity and irreducible distance. The book offers innovative interpretations of a number of key texts by Plato and Hegel to highlight the metaphysical and political implications of nature’s dialectical structure, and re-appraises their thinking of nature in a way that both respects and goes beyond their intentions.

Le grec et la philosophie dans la correspondance de Cicéron

Située au carrefour de la linguistique, de la littérature antique, de la philosophie grecque et romaine ainsi que de l’histoire des idées à Rome à la fin de la République, cette étude cherche à examiner comment le « code-switching » (ou basculement d’une langue à l’autre) révèle les origines, l’élaboration et l’évolution de la pensée philosophique de Cicéron dans un genre marginal, semi-privé et informel – la correspondance – qui entretiens d’étroites affinités tant avec le bilinguisme qu’avec avec la philosophie. Après une définition puis une triple analyse, formelle, culturelle et prosopographique, du corpus retenu, ce livre s’attache aux sources philosophiques du grec figurant dans les lettres cicéroniennes en quatre étapes successives, incarnées respectivement par Platon, les Socratiques (Xénophon et Antisthène) et les Académiciens (Arcésilas, Carnéade, Philon), par Aristote et les Péripatéticiens (Théophraste et Dicéarque), par Épicure et les Épicuriens (Philodème de Gadara) et par les Stoïciens. Elle révèle la récurrence, la précision, la subtilité des emprunts de Cicéron à la philosophie classique et hellénistique, mais aussi la variété de leurs emplois et de leurs fonctions. La correspondance constitue souvent un laboratoire de la pensée où la genèse de celle-ci est plus perceptible que dans les dialogues ou les traités et une analyse systématique du bilinguisme qui s’y manifeste constitue un angle d’approche inédit et fécond pour approfondir notre connaissance de la philosophie cicéronienne et hellénistique.

Sophie Aubert-Baillot est maître de conférences HDR en langue et littérature latines à l’Université Grenoble Alpes. Ses travaux portent principalement sur la philosophie hellénistique et romaine, sur la rhétorique grecque et latine ainsi que sur Cicéron.

Table of Contents

Introduction

Première partie. Le grec et la philosophie dans la correspondance de Cicéron : analyse formelle et prosopographique du corpus

Chapitre I : Définition du corpus
Chapitre II : Le grec et la philosophie : formes, fonctions, origines
Chapitre III : Identités, fonctions, langages

Deuxième partie. Les sources philosophiques du grec dans la correspondance de Cicéron

Chapitre I : Platon, les Socratiques et les Académiciens
Chapitre II : Aristote et les Péripatéticiens
Chapitre III : Épicure et les Épicuriens
Chapitre IV : Les Stoïciens

Conclusion
Bibliographie
Index locorum

Image and Argument in Plato’s Republic

Although Plato has long been known as a critic of imagination and its limits, Marina Berzins McCoy explores the extent to which images also play an important, positive role in Plato’s philosophical argumentation. She begins by examining the poetic educational context in which Plato is writing and then moves on to the main lines of argument and how they depend upon a variety of uses of the imagination, including paradigms, analogies, models, and myths. McCoy takes up the paradoxical nature of such key metaphysical images as the divided line and cave: on the one hand, the cave and divided line explicitly state problems with images and the visible realm. On the other hand, they are themselves images designed to draw the reader to greater intellectual understanding. The author gives a perspectival reading, arguing that the human being is always situated in between the transcendence of being and the limits of human perspective. Images can enhance our capacity to see intellectually as well as to reimagine ourselves vis-à-vis the timeless and eternal. Engaging with a wide range of continental, dramatic, and Anglo-American scholarship on images in Plato, McCoy examines the treatment of comedy, degenerate regimes, the nature of mimesis, the myth of Er, and the nature of Platonic dialogue itself.

Although Plato has long been known as a critic of imagination and its limits, Marina Berzins McCoy explores the extent to which images also play an important, positive role in Plato’s philosophical argumentation. She begins by examining the poetic educational context in which Plato is writing and then moves on to the main lines of argument and how they depend upon a variety of uses of the imagination, including paradigms, analogies, models, and myths. McCoy takes up the paradoxical nature of such key metaphysical images as the divided line and cave: on the one hand, the cave and divided line explicitly state problems with images and the visible realm. On the other hand, they are themselves images designed to draw the reader to greater intellectual understanding. The author gives a perspectival reading, arguing that the human being is always situated in between the transcendence of being and the limits of human perspective. Images can enhance our capacity to see intellectually as well as to reimagine ourselves vis-à-vis the timeless and eternal. Engaging with a wide range of continental, dramatic, and Anglo-American scholarship on images in Plato, McCoy examines the treatment of comedy, degenerate regimes, the nature of mimesis, the myth of Er, and the nature of Platonic dialogue itself.

The Way of the Platonic Socrates by S. Montgomery Ewegen

Who is Socrates? While most readers know him as the central figure in Plato’s work, he is hard to characterize. In this book, S. Montgomery Ewegen opens this long-standing and difficult question once again. Reading Socrates against a number of Platonic texts, Ewegen sets out to understand the way of Socrates. Taking on the nuances and contours of the Socrates that emerges from the dramatic and philosophical contexts of Plato’s works, Ewegen considers questions of withdrawal, retreat, powerlessness, poverty, concealment, and release and how they construct a new view of Socrates. For Ewegen, Socrates is a powerful but strange and uncanny figure. Ewegen’s withdrawn Socrates forever evades rigid interpretation and must instead remain a deep and insoluble question.

Purchase Here

Natura aut voluntas. Recherches sur la pensée politique et éthique hellénistique et romaine et son influence

Ce livre étudie l’origine des conceptions de la loi naturelle et du libre arbitre dans la philosophie hellénistique et romaine, et la manière dont elles ont contribué à forger la pensée éthique et politique moderne.

La formule cicéronienne natura aut voluntas associe tout en les opposant deux des contributions les plus originales de la philosophie hellénistique et romaine à la pensée éthique et politique occidentale. Ce livre, qui analyse différents aspects significatifs de cet apport, s’achève en évoquant la manière surprenante dont elles ont été réunies dans la théorie éthique et politique influente de John Locke. Les six premiers chapitres examinent différents éléments fondamentaux de la théorie stoïcienne de la natura et de la loi naturelle, en montrant que les Stoïciens ont inauguré une nouvelle conception de l’éthique dans l’Antiquité gréco-romaine – une idée qui était appelée à culminer, en dernier ressort, avec la théorie de Kant. À la différence des philosophes grecs antérieurs, qui s’étaient concentrés sur une conception de l’intérêt personnel en relation avec la polis, les Stoïciens ont formulé pour la première fois une théorie éthique et politique fondée sur des principes moraux universels reposant sur des lois divines universelles. Les chapitres portant sur les Épicuriens discutent ensuite la manière dont leur conception du plaisir et de la mort a forgé une notion de voluntas fondée sur le choix rationnel entre différentes possibilités alternatives, qui est aux origines de la notion moderne de libre arbitre la plus répandue de nos jours. Les développements des deux derniers chapitres du livre entendent montrer de quelle manière ces conceptions originales de la natura et de la voluntas, issues de deux écoles antagonistes de la philosophie antique, sont devenues des piliers fondamentaux de la pensée éthique et politique des débuts de l’époque moderne. Ces racines stoïciennes et épicuriennes ne sont donc pas seulement significatives en elles-mêmes : l’écho qu’elle ont suscité a profondément influencé les développements ultérieurs de la pensée éthique et politique.

Phillip Mitsis est Alexander S. Onassis Professor of Hellenic Culture and Civilization à la New York University, et Academic Director de l’American Institute for Verdi Studies. Il travaille sur l’épopée et la tragédie grecque, la poésie latine et la philosophie antique et du début de l’époque moderne.

Table of Contents

Introduction

Chapitre 1. La loi naturelle chez les Stoïciens

Chapitre 2. Les Stoïciens et Thomas d’Aquin sur la vertu et la loi naturelle

Chapitre 3. La raison, les règles et le développement moral chez Sénèque

Chapitre 4. L’origine stoïcienne des droits naturels

Chapitre 5. La conception stoïcienne de la propriété et de la politique

Chapitre 6. Théorie politique stoïcienne

Chapitre 7. Épicure : liberté, mort et hédonisme

Chapitre 8. L’amitié selon Épicure

Chapitre 9. La liberté, le plaisir et le terme de la vie. Montaigne et les Épicuriens

Chapitre 10. Locke sur le plaisir, la loi et le libre arbitre

Appendice 1. Kαὶ μηδὲν μόριον ἀποκεκρύφθαι : la vie nue du sage stoïcien

Appendice 2. Le libre arbitre est-il moderne ?

Appendice 3. Les devoirs de Locke

Bibliographie

Index

Ars Vitae: The Fate of Inwardness and the Return of the Ancient Arts of Living

The ancient Roman philosopher Cicero wrote that philosophy is ars vitae, the art of living. Today, signs of stress and duress point to a full-fledged crisis for individuals and communities while current modes of making sense of our lives prove inadequate. Yet, in this time of alienation and spiritual longing, we can glimpse signs of a renewed interest in ancient approaches to the art of living.

In this ambitious and timely book, Elisabeth Lasch-Quinn engages both general readers and scholars on the topic of well-being. She examines the reappearance of ancient philosophical thought in contemporary American culture, probing whether new stirrings of Gnosticism, Stoicism, Epicureanism, Cynicism, and Platonism present a true alternative to our current therapeutic culture of self-help and consumerism, which elevates the self’s needs and desires yet fails to deliver on its promises of happiness and healing. Do the ancient philosophies represent a counter-tradition to today’s culture, auguring a new cultural vibrancy, or do they merely solidify a modern way of life that has little use for inwardness—the cultivation of an inner life—stemming from those older traditions? Tracing the contours of this cultural resurgence and exploring a range of sources, from scholarship to self-help manuals, films, and other artifacts of popular culture, this book sees the different schools as organically interrelated and asks whether, taken together, they can point us in important new directions.

Ars Vitae sounds a clarion call to take back philosophy as part of our everyday lives. It proposes a way to do so, sifting through the ruins of long-forgotten and recent history alike for any shards helpful in piecing together the coherence of a moral framework that allows us ways to move forward toward the life we want and need.

Aristotle on the Concept of Shared Life

According to the terms of Aristotle’s Politics, to be alive is to instantiate a form of rule. In the growth of plants, the perceptual capacities and movement of animals, and the impulse that motivates thinking, speaking, and deliberating Aristotle sees the working of a powerful generative force come to expression in an array of forms of life, and it is in these, if anywhere, that one could find the resources needed for a philosophic account of the nature of life as such. Aristotle on the Concept of Shared Life explores this intertwining of power and life in Aristotle’s thought, and argues that Aristotle locates the foundation of human political life in the capacity to share one’s most vital activities with others. A comprehensive study of the relationality which shared life reveals tells us something essential about Aristotle’s approach to human political phenomena; namely, that they arise as forms of intimacy whose political character can only be seen when viewed in the context of Aristotle’s larger inquiries into animal life, where they emerge not as categorically distinct from animal sociality, but as intensifications of it. Tracing the human capacity to share life thus illuminates the interrelation between the zoological, ethical, and political lenses through which Aristotle pursues his investigation of the polis. In following this connection, this volume also examines — and critically evaluates — the reception of Aristotle’s political thought in some of the most influential concepts of contemporary critical theory.

https://global.oup.com/academic/product/aristotle-on-the-concept-of-shared-life-9780198839583?lang=en&cc=us#

Trascendenza e cambiamento in Filone di Alessandria. La chiave del paradosso

325 p., 156 x 234 mm, 2019
ISBN: 978-2-503-58425-6
EUR 80,00 excl. tax
Series: Monothéismes et Philosophie, vol. 25

La strutturazione della trascendenza del Principio primo, l’accostamento tra Dio ed Essere e la tensione con il divenire umano e cosmologico sono al centro di questo studio sul pensiero di Filone di Alessandria.

Il volume esplora il nesso tra immutabilit e cambiamento come chiave della relazione tra uomo e Dio nel pensiero di Filone di Alessandria, sullo sfondo del rapporto tra ermeneutica biblica e tradizione platonica. A partire dallidentit istituita tra Dio ed Essere (Ex. 3,14 – LXX), nei testi dell’autore si configura una differenza fondamentale tra il divino, essenzialmente estraneo al divenire, in virt di una trascendenza assoluta assegnata al Principio e propria del platonismo di et imperiale, e il cosmo e luomo, contrassegnati invece dalla condizione originata e mutevole, descritta come fonte di fatica e instabilit.

A partire da un’analisi terminologica e teoretica che articola piano ontologico e metafisico, mantenendo il filo ermeneutico della polarit tra trascendenza e mutamento, si indaga poi il percorso etico e noetico proposto all’uomo, tra conoscenza e assimilazione a un Dio Essere inconoscibile e differente. Emerge cos la cifra del paradosso: strumento decisivo nello stoicismo, esso viene mutuato e trasformato da Filone, fino a diventare la chiave interpretativa del movimento di rinuncia del saggio, verso una vera e propria etica della trascendenza.

Il tema e lautore analizzati si prestano a illuminare in modo singolare il tornante della filosofia nel primo secolo, nel dibattito tra scuole filosofiche e tradizioni religiose, secondo una lettura positiva delleclettismo. La questione del rapporto tra metafisica ed etica, al centro di questa ricerca, non solo consente di mettere in luce le scelte originali di Filone nellevoluzione del platonismo, ma genera anche delle risonanze che giungono fino a lambire il contemporaneo, sollevando la questione del rapporto tra trascendenza e cura di s, nella forma del divenire se stessi.

Francesca Simeoni ha conseguito il titolo di Dottore di Ricerca presso l’Università degli Studi di Padova con una tesi sulla filosofia di età imperiale. Prosegue ora i suoi studi presso l’Università LUMSA di Roma all’interno del Dottorato internazionale “Contemporary Humanism”. I suoi interessi di ricerca riguardano il rapporto tra metafisica e antropologia, in particolare in riferimento alle tradizioni platonica ed ebraico-cristiana.
Table of Contents

Préface de Carlos Levy: Philon et la théologie du paradoxe

Introduzione

Trascendenza e cura di sé?
Filone di Alessandria, un eclettismo ermeneutico
Ex. 3,14
Percorso dell’indagine
Metodo e limiti dell’indagine
Edizioni critiche di riferimento

Abbreviazioni delle opere Filoniane

Capitolo 1. Trascendenza e Immutabilità di Dio: L’Essere
I. Ex. 3,14 e l’identità di Dio come ὁ ὤν / το ὄν nel corpus filoniano
1. La questione di Ex. 3,14 e il testo della Septuaginta
2. Ex. 3,14 nel corpus filoniano
L’intreccio tra nome ed Essere
La differenza ontologica
II. Aspetti della trascendenza ontologica divina
Trascendenza e origine
III. Trascendenza come immutabilità
Cosmogenesi, metafisica, fede
L’immutabilità di Dio come nodo teoretico della differenza ontologica
IV. Metafisica e ontologia filoniane nel panorama filosofico di età imperiale

Capitolo 2. Trascendenza e Manifestazione di Dio: Le Potenze
I. La δύναμις divina
II. La doppia immagine di Dio
III. Il sistema aspettuale e relazionale delle Potenze
1. Esistenza e gloria
2. Parziale coessenzialità
3. Relazionalità paradossale
4. Presenza divina nel cosmo
5. Potenza di coesione cosmica e di governo
IV. Trascendenza nella manifestazione

Capitolo 3. Trascendenza e γένεσις: Il Cambiamento
I. Aspetti cosmologici del cambiamento
1. Teologia come racconto dell’origine
2. Γένεσις e cambiamento: l’alterità del mondo sensibile
3. Cambiamento e fatica: la debolezza del mondo sensibile
4. Divinità dell’artefatto: il mondo come intermediario
5. Γένεσις e ambivalenza del cosmo
II. Aspetti antropologici del cambiamento
1. L’uomo: un’identità esodale
2. Mutevolezza della condizione umana come instabilità
3. Fugacità, inconsistenza e incomprensibilità dell’esistenza
4. Instabilità dell’intelletto e del giudizio etico
5. Piacere e passioni come fattori di destabilizzazione

Capitolo 4. Trascendenza ed Esistenza Umana: Il Paradosso
I. Conoscere l’inconoscibile?
1. Pensare e somiglianza
2. Pensiero e trascendenza
3. Conoscere l’inconoscibilità
II. Assimilarsi al dissimile. Quale etica?
1. Il valore etico del cambiamento. La migrazione, la fuga, la scala
2. Mutare per divenire immutabili
3. Conosci il tuo nulla
III. Felicità e τέλος: realizzazione, rinuncia, grazia
La conversione dello scetticismo
IV. Il paradosso: chiave della relazione tra uomo e Dio

Conclusione
Ex. 3,14: genesi e differenza
Cambiamento e trascendenza
Il paradosso come relazione tra uomo e Dio

Bibliografia
Indice dei passi di Filone di Alessandria
Indice dei passi di autori antichi
Indice dei passi biblici
Indice dei nomi

Plato’s Caves: The Liberating Sting of Cultural Diversity

Classical antiquity has become a political battleground in recent years in debates over immigration and cultural identity-whether it is ancient sculpture, symbolism, or even philosophy. Caught in the crossfire is the legacy of the famed ancient Greek philosopher Plato. Though works such as Plato’s Republic have long been considered essential reading for college students, protestors on campuses around the world are calling for the removal of Plato’s dialogues from the curriculum, contending that Plato and other thinkers in the Western philosophical tradition promote xenophobic and exclusionary ideologies. The appropriation of the classics by white nationalists throughout history-from the Nazis to modern-day hate groups-appears to lend credence to this claim, and the traditional scholarly narrative of cultural diversity in classical Greek political thought often reinforces the perception of ancient thinkers as xenophobic. This is particularly the case with interpretations of Plato. While scholars who study Plato reject the wholesale dismissal of his work, the vast majority tend to admit that his portrayal of foreigners is unsettling. From student protests over the teaching of canonical texts such as Plato’s Republic to the use of images of classical Greek statues in white supremacist propaganda, the world of the ancient Greeks is deeply implicated in a heated contemporary debate about identity and diversity.

Plato’s Caves defends the bold thesis that Plato was a friend of cultural diversity, contrary to many contemporary perceptions. It shows that, across Plato’s dialogues, foreigners play a role similar to that of Socrates: liberating citizens from intellectual bondage. Through close readings of four Platonic dialogues-Republic, Menexenus, Laws, and Phaedrus-Rebecca LeMoine recovers Plato’s unique insight into the promise, and risk, of cross-cultural engagement. Like the Socratic “gadfly” who stings the “horse” of Athens into wakefulness, foreigners can provoke citizens to self-reflection by exposing contradictions and confronting them with alternative ways of life. The painfulness of this experience explains why encounters with foreigners often give rise to tension and conflict. Yet it also reveals why cultural diversity is an essential good. Simply put, exposure to cultural diversity helps one develop the intellectual humility one needs to be a good citizen and global neighbor. By illuminating Plato’s epistemological argument for cultural diversity, Plato’s Caves challenges readers to examine themselves and to reinvigorate their love of learning.